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賽車運動包含很多類型的比賽，其中有拉力賽，短道賽，爬山賽和場地賽等利用不同形式場地作賽。我們在這裏將會主力介紹場地賽 - 一種以固定賽道來作繞圈式的比賽。
場地賽是一項高速的賽車運動，和其它帶高速的運動一樣具一定的危險性，因此適當的訓練，良好的器材和高性能的安全裝備是所有有意加入這項運動的參加者必要具備的條件。以下介紹的是場地賽需要的基本個人安全裝備和賽道駕駛法。
A. 個人安全裝備
為了保障參加賽車運動的車手在在比賽中的安全，賽會規定所有參賽者必須配備適當的個人安全裝備來減低萬一發生意外時受傷的機會。一套基本的個人安全裝備須具備以下的設備 - 安全頭盔、耐燃賽車服、手套和鞋，而摩托車手除安全頭盔外，更需要有皮制的賽車服，手套和有堅?保護性的賽車靴。
所有比賽用的個人安全裝備均需通過國際汽聯(FIA)或國際摩聯(FIM)的標準測試，並需貼有所屬比賽種類之監管機構的認證才可在比賽中使用。
B. 駕駛位置
在把賽車駛進賽道以前，車手必須肯定他/她已經熟悉了車內儀表和控制系統的位置和使用方法，尤其是那些與安全有關的設計(如滅火系統，總電源開關和多點式安全帶)。而更重要的是調教一個合適的駕駛位置，令到車手在任何情形都可以輕易地接觸到重要的按鈕和操控賽車。當然不同身形的車手有不同的駕駛位置，但基本的指標是當車手的背部緊貼賽車椅時，他/她雙手手腕能按到方向盤的正上方，而左腳則可在不用完全伸直的情形下能把離合腳踏完全踏盡。
此外，車手應在手臂微曲下雙手輕鬆地緊握方向盤三點鐘和九點鐘的位置，這個握方向盤的姿勢會令車手更能感覺到前輪的抓?情況和更容易在賽車出現滑溜時作出準確的補救動作。
最後要注意的雖然比賽用的多點式安全帶會不及一般房車用的三點式安全帶舒適，但車手在開車前必須把它索緊，而索緊的力度以勉?能把手指穿到安全帶和車手的胸部之間為準。
C. 心理準備
適當的心理準備和良好的駕駛態度對賽道安全非常重要，其中最重要的是車手在賽道上駕駛時長時間集中和保持注意力的能力。另外保持泠靜，避免操之過急等良好心理狀態均能增加車手爭勝的機會和避免意外的發生。
ON THE CIRCUIT
A. Leaving the Pit Lane
The Pit Lane is usually split into two lanes, an outer (fast) lane and an inner (slow) lane. As a driver increases speed they should transfer to the fast lane and on joining the circuit the driver must build speed whilst keeping the car to the Pit Lane side of the track.
Drivers should check their mirrors before joining the circuit to ensure they are not drawing across the path of another car that is already on the track and not cross the white line painted on the circuit. A car traveling at racing speed may have as high as 100km/h speed difference over the car joining the track so any misjudgment can lead to serious accidents.
B. The Racing Line
Accelerating on a straight requires little technique and most drivers should have no problem in doing so, therefore we will concentrate our attention on how to slow the car at the end of the straight and the correct use of the racing line - an imaginary line that drivers take that makes cars turn in and corner faster on the track.
Corner approach
The racing line starts with the approach to the corner and establishing correct car positioning. The majority of corners require the driver to position the car close to the outside edge of the track on the approach to a corner. The 'outside edge' of a track is relative to the apex of the corner ahead, so for a left turn corner the right hand side of the track is the "outside" and vice versa for a right handed corner.
Braking
When arriving at the braking point the driver should smoothly but quickly come off the throttle and start braking. During braking the driver should not 'slam' on the brakes but instead he/she should progressively apply pressure to the brake pedal and increase the pressure to the point of just before the wheels lock up to achieve maximum braking effort. If a wheel actually locks brake pressure should be eased slightly to allow rotation to recommence. Braking should be done in a straight line and continued to the turning in point. Throughout the braking area the driver should be making the necessary downshifts to select the correct gear for the corner and the "Heel and Toe" technique has to be used to avoid unbalancing the car at the critical point. (more on this later)
Turn in
The driver should arrive at the turn in point in the correct gear travelling at the optimum corner entry speed. At the turn in point the driver should roll the foot smoothly off the brake pedal and back on to the throttle. A part throttle opening should be selected to keep the car on a balanced throttle with the car neither accelerating nor decelerating.
Clipping point
At or just before the turning in point the driver will look into the bend to find the clipping point. Steering lock will be applied using the "one grip" method and the car should be on a balanced throttle to this clipping point.
Exit
Once the clipping point is reached and provided the car is on the correct line, the driver can start to feed the power back on whilst at the same time winding off the steering lock. The important thing is that the more the steering lock is unwound the more power should be applied and by the exit kerb the steering wheel should be back to the straight ahead position with full throttle applied.
"Heel and Toe" technique
This technique requires that the engine be momentarily revved up whilst the clutch is depressed during downshifting. The purpose of this action is to match the car's engine speed with the speed of the road wheels when a lower gear is engaged so as to prevent drive-line snatch which could result in the wheels locking (especially in the wet) and damage to the gearbox.
- Lift the right foot from the gas pedal and press the brake pedal.
- Lift the left foot from the foot rest and depress the clutch pedal.
- Move the gear lever from a higher gear to a lower gear.
- While the ball of the right foot is applying maximum brake pressure, rotate the foot so the heel is above the corner of the gas pedal.
- The right heel gives a quick push of the gas pedal to rev up the engine. (the ball of the foot is still on the brake)
- The left foot releases the clutch and goes back on the foot rest.
- The right foot rotates off the gas pedal and completes the braking.
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This work is licenced under a Creative
Commons Licence |
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